"If we take into account the area occupied by ice in the glacial epoch, much larger than the area of the present polar ice, we must conclude that the shifting of the poles alone cannot explain the origin of the glacial cover. The expansion of the Glacial cover in its various stages is supposed to be known. The usual estimate of its thickness is between six and twelve thousand feet. From these figures the mass of the ice is calculated and the quantity of water necessary to produce it. The water must have come from the oceans; it is estimated that the surface of the oceans must have been at least three hundred feet lower when the ice cover was developed. Some estimates double, triple, quadruple, and even increase sevenfold this figure. But for turning many areas of the continental shelf (the sea at the coast to a depth of a hundred fathoms, or six hundred feet) into a desert of sand and shells, an enormous amount of heat was necessary.

John Tyndall, a British physicist of the last century, wrote:

"Some eminent men have thought, and some still think, that the reduction of temperature, during the glacial epoch, was due to a temporary diminution of solar radiation; others have thought that, in its motion through space, our system may have traversed regions of low temperature, and that glaciers were produced... Many of them seem to have overlooked the fact that the enormous extension of glaciers in bygone ages demonstrates, just as rigidly, the operation of heat as well as the action of cold. Cold (alone) will not produce glaciers."

Tyndall then went on to demonstrate the amount of heat necessary to transport water to the polar regions in the form of snow. He calculated that for every pound of vapor produced, a quantity of heat is required sufficient to raise five pounds of cast iron to the melting point. Consequently, in order to evaporate the oceans and transform the water into aqueous clouds that would later descend as snow and turn to ice, a quantity of heat was needed that would raise to the melting point a mass of iron five times greater than the mass of the ice. Tyndal argued that the geologists should substitute the hot iron for the cold ice. and they would get an idea of the high temperature immediately preceding the ice age and the formation of the glacial cover. . . .

We cannot imagine any cause or agent for this, unless it be an exogenous agent, an extraterrestrial cause . . .

" . . . for the ice cover of the glacial epoch to be formed, evaporation of the oceans on a large scale must have occurred. But evaporation of the oceans would not be enough; rapid and powerful condensation of the vapors must have followed. "we need a condenser so powerful that this vapour, instead of falling in liquid showers to the earth, shall be so far reduced in temperature as to descend as snow." (Tyndall, Heat considered as a Mode of Motion" PP. 188-89.)

An unusual sequence of events was necessary: the oceans must have steamed and the vaporized water must have fallen as snow in latitudes of temperate climates. This sequence of heat and cold must have taken place in quick succession

Earth in Upheaval, P 127-130.

Not only are the causes of the appearance and later disappearance of the glacial sheet unknown, but the geographical shape of the area covered by ice is also a problem. Why did the glacial sheet, in the southern hemisphere, move from the tropical regions of Africa toward the south polar region and not in the opposite direction, and, similarly, why, in the northern hemisphere, did the ice move in India from the equator toward the Himalaya mountains and the higher latitudes? Why did the glaciers of the Ice Age cover the greater part of North America and Europe, while the north of Asia remaind free? In America the plateau of ice stretched up to latitude 40 and even passed across this line; in Europe it reached latitude 50; while north-eastern Siberia, above the polar circle, even above latitude 75, was not covered with this perennial ice. All hypotheses regarding increased and diminished insolation due to solar alterations or the changing temperature of the cosmic space, and other similar hypotheses, cannot avoid being confronted with this problem.

Glaciers are formed in the regions of eternal snow; for this reason they remain on the slopes of the high mountains. The north of Siberia is the coldest place in the world. Why did not the Ice Age touch this region, whereas it visited the basin of the Mississippi and all Africa south of the equator? No satisfactory solution to this question has been proposed.

Velikovsky:1950:35-36.